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The prognosis for patients with sarcoidosis is relatively positive and it is not usually fatal, with the overall death rate remaining less than 5% without treatment.
In fact, most individuals do not require treatment at all as their symptoms do not significantly inhibit daily life activities and will improve spontaneously within two to five years. However, approximately 1 in 3 people will require treatment and certain complications can lead to vast changes in the prognosis of the condition.
Several scientific studies have demonstrated a link between the initial chest radiography stage and the likelihood of survival and symptom improvement.
One study followed patients with sarcoidosis over seven years to observe the prognosis of different stages of the disease, based on the initial chest radiography. Of those patients classed as Stage I, 95% were asymptomatic after five years, and there were no fatal cases. Of those with Stage II, approximately half were asymptomatic after five years and 11% were fatal. Of those with Stage III involvement of the lungs, 1 in 4 had no symptoms after five years and was fatal in 18% of cases.
The most common causes of death associated with sarcoidosis are due to damage to major organs, such as the lungs and the heart.
Involvement of the lungs in sarcoidosis is particularly problematic and can lead to internal bleeding and scarring of the lung tissue. Over the short term, this produces symptoms such as shortness of breath, but lead to pulmonary hypertension and prove to be fatal due to respiratory failure in some cases.
Secondary to the lungs, heart failure is the next most common cause of death. The can occur due to the growth of nodules in the heart tissue or as a result of changes in the shape of the lungs that protrude on the heart, changing its ability to function as normal.
There are other possible causes of death, which depend on the location of the granulomas in the body. For example, if they are situated in certain parts of the nervous system or brain, they could result in seizures have the potential to lead to death. Likewise, other organs like the kidney, spleen and lungs can be affected and may be fatal in severe cases, although this is rare.
There are several factors that are associated with a better or worse prognosis of sarcoidosis, as they are indicative of the severity of the disease.
Risk factors for a poorer prognosis include:
Protective factors include:
Most people with sarcoidosis are able to live relatively normal lives and generally experience good health, with many people becoming asymptomatic after several years. The protective and risk factors are useful to understand which patients are at risk of severe complications and need to be monitored to prolong good health.